Performance validation and clinical utility of a smartphone-based colorimetric system for differentiating exudative and transudative pleural effusions and ascites via total protein quantification​Dandan Liang, Yonghua Zhao, Yufei Guo, Ziqi Li, Zehua Yang174648Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China2The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China3Department of Laboratory, 74648The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, Chinaon May 13, 2026 at 2:24 am